Political leaders who try to limit what history can be taught in schools, and the undermining of Black officials performing their jobs are two of the top threats to democracy for Black Americans, a new report has found.
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The National Urban League's annual State of Black America report draws on data and surveys from a number of organisations, including the UCLA Law School, the Southern Poverty Law Centre and the Anti-Defamation League. The collective findings reveal an increase in recent years in hate crimes and efforts to change classroom curriculums, attempts to make voting more difficult and extremist views being normalised in politics, the military and law enforcement.
Marc Morial, the former New Orleans mayor who leads the civil rights and urban advocacy organisation, cited the most recent example: the vote this month by the Republican-controlled Tennessee House to oust two Black representatives for violating a legislative rule. The pair had participated in a gun control protest inside the chamber after a shooting that killed three students and three staff members at a Nashville school.
Both Tennessee lawmakers were quickly reinstated by leaders in their districts after an uproar that spread well beyond the state.
One of the most prominent areas examined is so-called critical race theory. Scholars developed it as an academic framework during the 1970s and 1980s in response to what they viewed as a lack of racial progress following the civil rights legislation of the 1960s. The theory centres on the idea that racism is systemic in the nation's institutions and that they function to maintain the dominance of white people in society.
Director Taifha Alexander said the Forward Tracking Project, part of the UCLA Law School, began in response to the backlash that followed the protests of the George Floyd killing in 2020 and an executive order that year from then-President Donald Trump restricting diversity training.
The project's website shows that local, state and federal government entities have introduced more than 670 bills, resolutions, executive orders, opinion letters, statements and other measures against critical race theory since September 2020.
She said the expanded scope of some of those laws is having a chilling effect on teaching certain aspects of the country's racial conflicts, and will lead to major gaps in understanding history and social justice.
"This anti-CRT campaign is going to frustrate our ability to reach our full potential as a multiracial democracy" because future leaders will be missing information they could use to tackle problems, Alexander said.
She said one example is the rewriting of Florida primary school material about civil rights figure Rosa Parks and her refusal to give up her seat to a white passenger on a Montgomery, Alabama, bus in 1955. Mention of race was omitted entirely in one revision, a change first reported by The New York Times.
Florida has been the epicentre of many of the steps, but it's not alone.
"The things that have been happening in Florida have been replicated, or governors in similarly situated states have claimed they will do the same thing," Alexander said.
In Alabama, a proposal to ban "divisive" concepts passed out of legislative committee this past week. Last year, the administration of Virginia Governor Glenn Youngkin, a Republican, rescinded a series of policies, memos and other resources related to diversity, equity and inclusion that it characterised as "discriminatory and divisive concepts" in the state's public education system.
Oklahoma public school teachers are prohibited from teaching certain concepts of race and racism under a bill Republican Governor Kevin Stitt signed into law in 2021.
On Thursday, the Llano County Commissioners Court in Texas held a special meeting to consider shutting down the entire public library system rather than follow a federal judge's order to return a slate of books to the shelves on topics ranging from teenage sexuality to bigotry.
After listening to public comments, the commissioners decided to remove the item from the agenda.
Violence is another major concern covered in the Urban League report, especially in light of the 2022 mass shooting at a grocery store in Buffalo, New York. The accused shooter left a manifesto raising the "great replacement theory " as a motive in the killings.
Data released this year by the FBI indicated that hate crimes rose between 2020 and 2021. African Americans were disproportionately represented, accounting for 30 per cent of the incidents in which the bias was known.
By comparison, the second largest racial group targeted in the single incident category was white victims, who made up 10 per cent.
Rachel Carroll Rivas, deputy director of research with the Southern Poverty Law Centre's Intelligence Project, said when all the activities are tabulated, including hate crimes, rhetoric, incidents of discrimination and online disinformation, "we see a very clear and concerning threat to America and a disproportionate impact on Black Americans."
Other issues in the report address extremism in the military and law enforcement, energy and climate change, and how current attitudes can affect public policy. Predominantly white legislatures in Missouri and Mississippi have proposals that would shift certain government authority from some majority Black cities to the states.
Australian Associated Press
